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How Dividend Imputation Is Applied Around the World
Taxpayers in countries wherein dividend imputation is offered will typically claim the appropriate credit when filing their taxes.
Dividend imputation has had a mixed history among different nations, as the circumstances of each country’s tax system prompt varying applications. Nine countries that once offered such an arrangement have either changed or ended the practice. These countries include the following:
- United Kingdom
- Ireland
- Germany
- Singapore
- Italy
- Finland
- France
- Norway
- Malaysia
The United Kingdom and Ireland, for example, previously offered partial imputation with tax credits that were, effectively, portions 12 cents to 25 cents on each dollar. The partial imputation in the United Kingdom provided a 20 percent refund against a 33 percent corporate tax rate. Starting in 1997, however, the government moved away from this, first by eliminating the refund to tax-exempt shareholders that includes pension funds. Then, in 1999, the refund rate was cut to 10 percent.
Germany, Finland, Norway, and France all previously offered full dividend imputation. France offered tax credits equal to 50 percent of the face value of the dividend. After the repeal, these countries taxed dividends at a rate of 50 percent or greater. Germany did away with its dividend imputation program with the intent of reducing the nation’s tax rate. Finland, likewise, lowered its corporate tax rate after dividend imputation as repealed. Norway, on the other hand, did not lower its corporate tax rate when dividend imputation ended.
That seems like good information. How about New Zealand, our closest neighbour, where I understand there is still franking credit but I don't think there is cash refunds ? Please advise.