Australian (ASX) Stock Market Forum

Electric cars?

Would you buy an electric car?

  • Already own one

    Votes: 10 5.1%
  • Yes - would definitely buy

    Votes: 43 21.8%
  • Yes - preferred over petrol car if price/power/convenience similar

    Votes: 78 39.6%
  • Maybe - preference for neither, only concerned with costs etc

    Votes: 37 18.8%
  • No - prefer petrol car even if electric car has same price, power and convenience

    Votes: 25 12.7%
  • No - would never buy one

    Votes: 14 7.1%

  • Total voters
    197
Yes, it was a diesel conversion.
It would be virtually impossible to run fish and chip oil in a petrol engine.
Mick
For info, my dad was mixing vegetable oil in Europe straight from the bottle into his diesel small car.not for green reason but just because bulk cooking oil was cheaper than diesel at the pump in europe.was mixing it as pure oil could cause problem in winter there.
I often cross path with an old landcruiser here which always stink fish and chips when leaving the car park and when one of the first citroen cars expedition went to Asia and got short of diesel in the 1930..they used coconut oil.once you disconnect the electronics, have rough design and not too modern engine and as long you do not have too much fish bones left in it...not even a conversion needed?
Next stage is a tesla running on a lemon juice battery..or a potato one?
 
Yes, it was a diesel conversion.
It would be virtually impossible to run fish and chip oil in a petrol engine.
Mick

True, it is impossible to run an oil based fuel in a petrol engine. Seeing as no GMH Statesman came with a diesel engine the scenario you gave threw me off, so thought I'd confirm my suspicions.

Sounds like a very expensive exercise in killing an iconic Aussie car, oh well horses for courses.

Had an old mechanic hiring the rear of our yard, he was converting an old transit bus into a holiday bus and converting an old Torana to Hydrogen. Can't remember how he did it but it worked.
 
Sounds like a very expensive exercise in killing an iconic Aussie car, oh well horses for courses.
Iconic is in the eye of the beholder.
I have never considered the statesman an iconic Aussie car, but hey I am sure there are people who do.
Mick
 
Iconic is in the eye of the beholder.
I have never considered the statesman an iconic Aussie car, but hey I am sure there are people who do.
Mick
Just like investing, need a good eye, decent judgement and some luck.

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Sony want to build cars.

When Tesla started engineering the Roadster the biggest issue was getting a battery manufacturer to supply batteries in large quantities, at any cost.

It was at the time when batteries where catching fire. An internal fault with approximately 1 in 8000 (from memory) batteries would cause the battery to overheat, Tesla had found a way to cool the batteries and ensure no self combustion was possible. However, the battery manufacturers where fearful of litigation in the event of battery power cars catching fire and causing death.

After many meetings with management, technicians and engineers over a few years with several manufacturers, Sony was the first to agree to supply batteries to Tesla.

Sony Vision S2 SUV

Two years ago at CES 2020, Sony revealed its Vision S concept sedan, and over the past two years, has been testing it on the road. This time around at CES 2022, Sony demonstrated how serious they are about getting into the electric car business by not only unveiling the new Vision S2 SUV, but also announcing the second quarter 2022 launch of Sony Mobility Inc., the company that will “accelerate” Sony’s entry into the electric vehicle market.


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Norway has led the world with the move to electric cars. So what are the results and how have they been so successful ?


 
I almost read it until i saw it was a link to the Guardian.
A couple of factoids...

1. Norway, a major oil and gas exporter, needs to sell over 100 barrels of oil (which emits 40 tonnes of CO2) to pay for the tax breaks it gives EVs to avoid one tonne of CO2.
2. Norway’s electricity is almost completely clean thanks to hydro power, so the CO2 avoidance costs will be higher in other countries.
3. Norway does not subsidise BEVs. Instead, BEVs can avoid almost all the taxes and fees levied on regular vehicles.
4. Norway needs high taxes across the economy to finance public spending amounting to more than half of GDP.
5. Electric cars are exempt from two big up-front taxes: 25% VAT and a large additional tax dependent on the weight and CO2 emissions of the vehicle.

hope this helps...
 
In burning, it releases CO2 into the atmosphere, but somehow is carbon nuetral.
Since it's a waste product something has to be done with it and burning sure beats pouring it down the drain etc.

Being vegetable or animal based, the carbon in it came from the atmosphere when the plants grew anyway so it's neutral as such apart from fossil fuels used to harvest the crops etc (but that was going to be done anyway no matter what happens to the waste oil).

To the extent there's a flaw in the plan it's simply that it doesn't scale beyond the amount of waste oil available.
 
I almost read it until i saw it was a link to the Guardian.
A couple of factoids...

1. Norway, a major oil and gas exporter, needs to sell over 100 barrels of oil (which emits 40 tonnes of CO2) to pay for the tax breaks it gives EVs to avoid one tonne of CO2.
2. Norway’s electricity is almost completely clean thanks to hydro power, so the CO2 avoidance costs will be higher in other countries.
3. Norway does not subsidise BEVs. Instead, BEVs can avoid almost all the taxes and fees levied on regular vehicles.
4. Norway needs high taxes across the economy to finance public spending amounting to more than half of GDP.
5. Electric cars are exempt from two big up-front taxes: 25% VAT and a large additional tax dependent on the weight and CO2 emissions of the vehicle.

hope this helps...

Not sure where you are going with that. All I can think when I read your comment was 'so what?'

Norway is oil rich, they haven't abandoned ICEV because of a fuel problem, they have encouraged BEV because of an environmental concern.

"Since 2012, BEV policies have been anchored in climate policy (CPS, 2012). However, the first incentive became available as early as 1990. Norway has no ICEV production. Fuel prices are also among the highest in Europe, whereas electricity is cheap ..."

Norway has positioned itself to be at the forefront of the transport revolution that is well and truly moving forward across the globe. Almost every vehicle manufacturer has declared the end date for internal combustion engines. Hyundai are closing their engine development plant this year.

All the major vehicle manufacturers knew change was coming years ago, GM, Mercedes, Toyota had engineering teams designing and producing small scale BEVs in the early 2000's, and then canceled several years later. Now they are all racing to put in the infrastructure, source reassures and sign up suppliers in time to complete a changeover of ICEV to BEV by 2030 or 2035 depends on the manufacturer and the country they are located in.

Countries like Australia, with an abundance of sun, wind, waves, uranium need to import fuel and oil from politically unstable countries to feed our vehicle fleet. We can easily produce enough cheap electricity to supply all our needs, we started slow and with poor planning but we are learning and moving forward.

Like it or not EVs are coming and new ICEV production is slowing.

 
I almost read it until i saw it was a link to the Guardian.
A couple of factoids...

1. Norway, a major oil and gas exporter, needs to sell over 100 barrels of oil (which emits 40 tonnes of CO2) to pay for the tax breaks it gives EVs to avoid one tonne of CO2.
2. Norway’s electricity is almost completely clean thanks to hydro power, so the CO2 avoidance costs will be higher in other countries.
3. Norway does not subsidise BEVs. Instead, BEVs can avoid almost all the taxes and fees levied on regular vehicles.
4. Norway needs high taxes across the economy to finance public spending amounting to more than half of GDP.
5. Electric cars are exempt from two big up-front taxes: 25% VAT and a large additional tax dependent on the weight and CO2 emissions of the vehicle.

hope this helps...
Nah. The question being addressed was "How effectively has Norway encouraged the move to clean, renewable energy based, cheaper electric cars ?" And indeed regardless of where the information was sourced, the facts remain the same. Strong public policy strategies and clear incentives to go electric.

I'd be interested to know where you have obtained your factoids Bk1. Care to quote the source please ?
 
In Australia politics would most likely argue that as being a subsidy.

Right or wrong I'm not judging, just observing. :2twocents
When you consider GST in Norway is 25%. :rolleyes:
If 90% of their automobiles are E.V's that shortfall in revenue that they used to get on the sale of ICE cars, has to be made up somewhere, so there is some cross subsidy going on to fill the gap. :2twocents
We obviously need to increase our GST, so we can take it off some things and make them a lot cheaper. ?
 
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When you consider GST in Norway is 25%. :rolleyes:
If 90% of their automobiles are E.V's that shortfall in revenue that they used to get on the sale of ICE cars, has to be made up somewhere, so there is some cross subsidy going on to fill the gap. :2twocents
We obviously need to increase our GST, so we can take it off some things and make them a lot cheaper. ?
Stop giving them ideas
 
An investor would be crazy not to have some sort of share ownership in a company involved with either EVs or minerals required for batteries. DYOR -

The EV Space in 2022: To infinity and beyond

With many electric vehicles coming into the market soon from legacy and new auto makers, analysts at Bank of America Securities expect this year to be a “tipping point” for EVs, although higher prices will remain a deterrent to the bulk of consumers.

The year 2022 “marks the beginning of commercialisation of electric vehicles as many start-up EV vehicle makers plan up new product launches and many existing automakers are also starting their product launches,” analysts said in a note on Wednesday.

The BoA analysts said they expect about 1 million EVs to be sold in the US this year, which will increase to around 1.8 million in 2023 and 3 million in 2024, which means EV penetration this year is around 6%, up from 11% in 2023 and 16% in 2024.

Impressive as that is, it does mean the US will remain China in terms of EV sales for the next three years at least and probably more seeing Chinese sales (they are called new energy vehicles, or NEVs) were 3.3 million in 2021. The NEV market share in China rose to 21.3% of total sales in December, and 15.7% in 2021 as a whole – up from 5.8% in 2020.

The analysts named Tesla, Ford and GM TSLA as the main gainers.

Ford and GM are down to start expanding production and sales of EVs in 2022 and 2023 and the report suggests that Tesla faces the biggest threat from expanded EV output and sales from incumbent car makers

…………

Tesla has ambitions for another significant boost to output this year after 2021’s record surge to nearly a million deliveries; Ford and GM likewise for later this year and 2023, while Chinese companies led by BYD have revealed ambitious output and sales plans for 2022 and 2023.

And investors should realise that these upbeat plans are good news for the major renewable commodities, led by lithium, copper, nickel and rare earths.

While other car makers struggled to limit falls in production in 2021 because of the shortage of valuable computer chips and other components, Tesla lifted its deliveries by a huge 87%.

No other western carmaker can get claim to have gotten anywhere near that figure and although it hasn’t given any hint about 2022, some analysts are forecasting rises of 30% to 50% in production and deliveries this year.

Tesla has had problems and executives, from CEO Elon Musk down, complained several times about shortages of components and warned that production and deliveries could be hit in the closing months of 2021, But that clearly wasn’t a major problem in the end

Tesla says it boosted year sales to 936,172 for 2021, up sharply from 2020’s then record 499,647 as it reported a record quarterly high of 308,600 deliveries for the three months to December, up nearly 30% from the previous quarter.

Tesla delivered a record 70,602 vehicles in China in easily topping the previous record of 52,153 set in the three months to September.

Total deliveries in China last year jumped 117% to 321,000 Model 3 and Model Y vehicles.

The total figure for the December quarter was the first-time deliveries had topped 300,000 in a quarter – the 241,300 delivered in the three months to September was Tesla’s previous best quarter.

It was the sixth consecutive quarter that Tesla has reported record deliveries.

According data firm, FactSet, Wall Street analysts had forecast Tesla deliveries of 267,000 in the fourth quarter and 897,000 for all of 2021.

Deliveries are the closest approximation of sales reported by the company.

This year the company is looking to new factories in Texas and Berlin – which will use new vehicle technologies and new teams – to boost output.

Tesla said in October that it was looking to build its first production cars at both facilities by the end of 2021, but it is not known whether it met that target.

Tesla did not respond to media questions about the state of both plants.

The Berlin factory had initially been scheduled to begin production last summer but was delayed by various problems, including Tesla’s dissatisfaction with Germany’s labour laws and other regulations.

Analysts at Deutsche Bank said in a report on New Year’s Eve that it expected Tesla to make nearly 1.5 million vehicle deliveries this year, although the chip shortage remained a key concern.

Tesla’s market value reached more than $US1.25 trillion in November in the wake of rental car company Hertz saying it had ordered 100,000 of its vehicles.

The company’s shares fell back under the $US1 trillion mark for a short while after Musk wrote on Twitter in November that he was considering selling 10% of his stake in Tesla and then proceeded to sell billions of dollars in shares and exercise millions of options in a major revamp of its shareholding position.

The shares steadied and rose in December to take the year’s rise to 49.7%, ending 2021 at $US1,062.60.

…………

And BYD, China’s leading NEV maker (New Energy Vehicles which include purely electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles) has reported NEV sales surged 218.3% in 2021 from the depressed 2020 level to 603,783 units.

Total vehicle sales (which include ICE-powered vehicles) climbed to 740,131 units last year from 426,972 units, while output leapt to 747,540 units from 427,672 units.

BYD said it maintained momentum in December with continued strong market demand for its NEVs when it sold a total of 93,945 NEVs, up from 28,841 units in the same month a year ago.

Chinese media reports late last year forecast that BYD is targeting sales of electric vehicles and other “new energy vehicles” of up to 1.2 million in 2022, which would be a near doubling on 2021’s level and bring it closer to neck and neck status with Tesla.

If BYD is able to meet its targeted sales figures, the company would account for roughly a quarter of all NEV sales in China this year, with total forecast NEV sales expected to reach around 4.5 to 5 million units up from an expected 3.2 million in 2021.

…………

Ford has boosted its production targets for what is shaping as its key US EV – the F-150 Lightning and a key passenger vehicle – an electric version of its Mustang.

Ford now says that it had doubled its production for the all-electric pickup truck to 150,000 vehicles a year by 2023 from the earlier figure of around 80,000 a year.

This was after the car giant revealed in mid-December that it had capped its initial order list at 200,000 because of fears it would not be able to ramp up fast enough.

The news comes as the automaker prepares to start making and shipping its new EV in the first half of 2022.

Production of both the F-150 Lightning and F-150 Lightning Pro for commercial customers has entered its final pre-build stage at the company’s Rouge Electric Vehicle Center in Dearborn, Michigan.

The number of electric F-150s Ford planned to sell in its first few years of production has been revised upwards since the first estimate of 40,000 a year was released in early 2021.

That was boosted to 80,000 mid-year by early 2023, now its 150,000 a year by mid-2023.

Ford is also looking to triple annual production of its popular Mustang Mach-E electric crossover vehicle to more than 200,000 by 2023 as it tries to match output to rising order numbers.

All over Ford reckons it will have the annual capacity to build 600,000 electric vehicles globally within two years, when it aims to become “the clear No. 2 electric vehicle maker in North America” behind Tesla, which last year sold more than 900,000 EVs. Ford sold 2.04 million vehicles in North America in 2021.

…………

Globally the Volkswagen Group sold a record number of around 762,400 plug-in electric vehicles (up 80.6% from 2020’s 422,000, which was 8.6% (a new high) of the company’s total volume (9,305,000; down 4.5% for the year).

VW nearly doubled all-electric vehicle sales to a new record of 452,900 and 5.1% of the total volume (compared to 2.5% in 2020). Plug-in hybrid sales expanded by about 61% to nearly 310,000.

VW said that in Western Europe, 10.5% of its sales were all-electric vehicles (compared to 6.2% a year ago). In Germany, Volkswagen Group’s BEV share out of the total volume was higher at 11.4%.

In North America, Volkswagen Group tripled its BEV sales and has become the second-largest automotive group for BEVs with 37,200 units sold in the that country behind Tesla.

…………

Judging by the 2021 sales performance for electric vehicles in key markets, it’s no wonder lithium is in great demand with prices firm and expected to firm further this year.

Europe saw a gangbuster month in December with record sales, as did China – that’s the two leading markets for EVs at the moment.

As expected Chinese numbers for sales of so-called new energy vehicles (or NEVs) boomed in 2021 and look like repeating that performance this year, even though prospective purchasers face a cut in tax subsidies.

This year, the incentive to buy an electric car in China will be reduced by 30% compared to 2021. In 2023, the direct subsidies will be completely removed, at least if nothing serious happens in the economy in the meantime.

Some analysts think the sluggish health of the Chinese economy could very well see a further extension of the subsidy later this year.

The China Association of Automobile Makers (CAAM) reported that 3.334 million new energy passenger vehicles were sold in the country in 2021, up 167.5% from Covid-hit 2020.

Of these, battery electric vehicle sales were 2.734 million, up 173.5% year-on-year, and plug-in hybrid sales were 600,000, up 143.2% year-on-year.

China’s new energy commercial vehicle sales in 2021 totalled 186,000 units, up 54% year-on-year.

The big rise in NEV sales is why China saw a small rise in total vehicles produced and sold 26.082 million and 26.275 million vehicles, respectively, in 2021, up 3.4 percent and 3.8 percent year-on-year, ending a three-year decline, the MIIT said.

Last month, CAAM said it expects NEV sales growth to slow sharply in 2022 from 20121 to ‘just’ 47% to 5 million.

The sharp rise in NEV sales will see total automobile sales rise a modest 5.4% to 27.5 million this year, meaning two successive years of growth in the total market, something that hasn’t happened since 2016 and 2017.

But with Covid infections – both delta and omicron variants – still a major concern in China, any tightening of movement or restrictions on public activity, such as retailing (car outlets) could crunch vehicles sales.

China’s auto sales in December fell 1.6% from the same month in 2020, the eight consecutive monthly drop, CAAM data showed.

In December alone, 531,000 NEVs were sold, representing a surge of 114% year-on-year. China has in recent years heavily promoted NEVs as part of its efforts to curb air pollution.

Most foreign automakers are behind their Chinese counterparts in designing smart cars that appeal. Tesla is the only foreign brand among the top 10.

Tesla delivered a record 70,602 vehicles in China in the December quarter easily topping the previous record of 52,153 set in the three months to September.

Total deliveries in China last year jumped 117% to 321,000 Model 3 and Model Y vehicles.

Volkswagen said it missed its goal of selling 80,000 to 100,000 units from its ID battery electric series last year, having sold 70,625 vehicles, but that it would likely double sales this year.

…………

The situation in Europe was more of the same – boom.

Last August saw for the first time ever, electric vehicle (EV) sales were ahead of diesel sales in Europe.

Electric and plug-in hybrid new car registrations equaled 21% or 151,737 vehicles in August, while in contrast, diesel engine vehicles slipped to 20% of total new car registrations.

That was an amazing turnaround considering that a year earlier, in August 2020 there were 158,300 more diesel registrations than EVs.

The Financial Times reported this week that more than a 20% of new cars sold across 18 European markets, including the UK, were powered exclusively by batteries, while diesel cars, including diesel hybrids, accounted for less than 19% of sales.

Because of generous government subsidies in Germany and elsewhere, as well as strict regulations introduced in 2020 that force EU manufacturers to sell more low-emissions vehicles, EV sales have been rising steadily.

The trend accelerated in the final quarter of 2021 as Tesla proved to be better able than rivals to adapt to shortages of computer chips to delivering a record 309,000 electric cars (a third of Tesla’s total global sales).

The FT also pointed out that European carmakers also pushed sales of electric vehicles in December to reduce their fleet-wide carbon footprint and avoid fines from Brussels, after prioritising the production of the most profitable models — mainly heavily polluting sports utility vehicles (SUVs) — during the supply chain crisis in most of 2020 and 2021.

As a result, 176,000 battery electric vehicles were sold in western Europe on December — an all-time record — and more than 6% higher than the number sold in December 2020. By comparison, nearly 160,000 diesels were sold in the last month of 2021.

…………

Meanwhile electric vehicles (EVs) accounted for nearly two-thirds of all new car sales in Norway in 2021, putting the country well on the way to end all internal combustion engine (ICE) powered car sales by the 2025 deadline.

According to Norway’s Road Federation, an industry body, Norwegian dealerships sold a total of 176,276 cars in 2021, of which 65% were EVs. That’s an 11-percentage point increase from on 2020 when they accounted for 54% of all new car sales.

The Tesla Model 3 was the most popular choice among new buyers followed by Toyota’s hybrid RAV4, the only car with an internal combustion engine to make the country’s top-ten best-selling list.

The industry estimates new electric vehicle sales could make up as much as 80% of the country’s total car market in 2022 — as long as chip shortages don’t cause further shipping delays.

Much of what’s driving EV sales in Norway is the country’s generous subsidies. Car buyers don’t have to pay taxes imposed on traditional internal combustion engine vehicles when they buy an EV. That cost the country’s federal government around $US3.4 billion in lost tax revenues – the main cost of its push to end all petrol-powered car sales by 2025.

…………

UK demand for electric cars jumped in 2021 with a record 11.6% or 190,000 of the 1.65 million cars sold last year being battery electric vehicles.
That was up from just over 108,000 or 6.6% in the depressed 2020 year.

A further 7% of 2021 sales were plug-in hybrids and 8.9% full (or self-charging) hybrids. That means more battery electric vehicles were sold in 2021 in the UK than in the previous five years combined.

In December alone, electric cars made up 26% of sales, a record for a single month when car dealers were allowed to open during the Covid pandemic.

Tesla’s Model 3 became the first electric car to rank in the top 10 sales in the UK in 2021, coming in second behind the Vauxhall Corsa.

………..

And in Australia
? Hard to know, seeing as Tesla doesn’t report its sales data to the industry body, the Federated Chamber of Automotive Industries (FCAI) because it doesn’t want to pay affiliation fees for the industry group and lobbyist.

The Chamber’s monthly and 2021 report, released in early January therefore is not an accurate guide.

The chamber said electric vehicles saw an increase of 191.1% on 2020 figures. However, battery-electric vehicles account for less than half a per cent of all new vehicles sold in Australia. That total was 1,049,831 units, meaning total EV sales registered by the FCAI was less than 50,000 with most of those hybrids from Toyota (Prius, Lexus and Camry).

In NZ though Tesla is the top EV seller because sales there are registered nationally through the country’s registration body, unlike Australia with separate registries for state and territories.


 
Get on for the ride, or watch from behind. As BEV cumulative production increases prices decrease.

New Data Confirm the Consumer’s Increasing Preference for Battery Electric Vehicles​

t_Illustration_Sam%20Korus_Final_Circle%20400%20px.png
By Sam Korus | @skorusARK
Analyst​

Last year, global Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) sales soared a record-breaking 112% from ~2.3 million to ~4.8 million units, trouncing the 1.7% growth in gas-powered vehicle sales, as shown below. Prior to last year, the most rapid annual growth rate in BEVs was 75% in 2012 on a much lower base, roughly 41,000 vehicles. Interestingly, the Wuling Mini EV, a ~$5,000 neighborhood electric vehicle, increased its share of BEVs from 5% in 2020 to 9%. Based on Wright’s Law, ARK’s research suggests that BEV sales will grow at a 53% annual rate during the next five years, from 4.8 million in 2021 to roughly 40 million in 2026.

1643059872684.png

 
Not specific to electric vehicles, but I don't think that there are many ICE self driving cars around.
I don't think it'll be long before there'll be a dedicated thread to 'Autonimous Vehichals' .
In the last day or so I watched a 40 odd minute youtube with a popular automotive youtuber and a journalist Micheal West. Duing the interview they both stumbled around the question of Level 5 FSD with the wrong philsophical questions... The one that wasn't asked was ...
'when proven that 'computer controlled' cars are driving beyond the capacity of humans; What happens? '

Because at that point 'the human' becomes a bigger threat to..life.. injury to other humans ... And every ancillary cost of vehical accident.
The non-sequitur in the interview above mentioned of; 'a child killed by a FSD vehichal' is meaningless when statistically overall road trauma is reduced by 10% then then 20% and on and on.

It should not go without mention how the above 'dove-tails' with a considerable amount emphisis put by Musk on todays TSLA 1/4 call the import advancments of FSD, and as yet how unappreciated this tech advance really is...

Ahh .... In my humble view.... " It will Happen"
 
I have a few problems with this article.
Firstly, it calls the unit a carbon neutral charger.
These sort of statements puzzle me because the generator burns the oil from the deep fryer.
In burning, it releases CO2 into the atmosphere, but somehow is carbon nuetral.
Secondly, the article states that it will take about 20 litres of used cooking oil to charge a car.
At that rate they are going to have to sell hell of a lot of chips to generate sufficient capacity to charge more than 1 car per day.
It says the unit cost $75,000 and was crowd funded.
Why would they not put a series of solar panels with batteries to run the remote charger?
I may be wrong, but I seem to recall the last time I drove through there, the Caiguna roadhouse already has a solar panel array to supply the roadhouse with electricity
Just does not make a lot of sense to me.
Mick
It’s carbon neutral because when you burn it you release co2 into the atmosphere, but it’s co2 that was originally pulled out of the air when the canola oil was originally grown.

Eg. As you burn the canola oil releasing co2, some where else a canola plant is growing and absorbing co2.

When ever you are just playing with carbon atoms that are already in circulation, it’s considered carbon neutral, it’s when you are bringing the fossilised carbon atoms out of long term storage and adding them back into circulation that problem arises.
 
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