With respect to quote 1:
There is a social learning theory, locus of control, which refers to whether a person believes that the consequences of their actions are controlled by internal, person variables or by external, environmental variables. Hence, one can have an internal or external locus of control. Basically, a person with an internal locus of control will work harder (than a person with an external locus of control) to obtain a goal if they believe that the outcome is within their control.