Professor Biancalana273 has traced the common law's engagement with penalty clauses back to the 13th century,
noting that the penalty rule originated as an aspect of the jurisdictional tussle between the ecclesiastical courts and the courts of common law. According to Professor Biancalana, the common law courts were, at first, disposed to uphold penalty clauses as lawful, but by the turn of the 14th century had come to regard them as objectionable on the basis that they were a form of usury, which was unacceptable to medieval Christianity. It may also be said that the development of the law reflecting the Church's disapproval of usury was aligned with the economic interests of the dominant political class, the landed aristocracy, who, asset rich but cash poor, were chronically disinclined to keep their contractual engagements to those who had the recurring misfortune to have lent them money
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Medieval religious scruples against usury associated with a primitive agrarian economy do not provide a satisfactory basis on which the penalty rule might now be sustained.